Nanopore-Based DNA Sequencing Sensors and CMOS Readout Approaches

TL;DR

This paper reviews nanopore-based DNA sequencing sensors and the CMOS readout circuitry, highlighting current technologies, challenges, and the specific electronic requirements for effective signal detection and array implementation.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of nanopore sensing modalities and CMOS readout approaches, emphasizing the design considerations for low noise, high-density DNA sequencing sensor arrays.

Findings

Biological nanopores are currently the only viable option for DNA sequencing.

Low noise circuit design is critical due to the small current signals and high translocation rates.

Challenges exist in implementing large arrays with in-pixel low noise circuitry.

Abstract

Purpose Nanopore-based molecular sensing and measurement, specifically Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, is advancing at a fast pace. Some embodiments have matured from coarse particle counters to enabling full human genome assembly. This evolution has been powered not only by improvements in the sensors themselves, but also in the assisting microelectronic Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) readout circuitry closely interfaced to them. In this light, this paper reviews established and emerging nanopore-based sensing modalities considered for DNA sequencing and CMOS microelectronic methods currently being used. Design/methodology/approach Readout and amplifier circuits which are potentially appropriate for conditioning and conversion of nanopore signals for downstream processing are studied. Furthermore, arrayed CMOS readout implementations are focused on and the relevant status of the nanopore sensor technology is reviewed as well. Findings Ion channel nanopore devices have properties unique compared with other electrochemical cells. Currently biological nanopores are the only variants reported which can be used for actual DNA sequencing. The translocation rate of DNA through such pores, the current range at which these cells operate on and the cell capacitance effect, all impose the necessity of using low noise circuits in the process of signal detection. The requirement of using in-pixel low noise circuits in turn tends to impose challenges in the implementation of large size arrays. Originality/value The study presents an overview on the readout circuits used for signal acquisition in electrochemical cell arrays and investigates the specific requirements necessary for implementation of nanopore type electrochemical cell amplifiers and their associated readout electronics.