Time-dependent lepto-hadronic modeling of the emission from blazar jets with SOPRANO: the case of TXS 0506+056, 3HSP J095507.9+355101 and 3C 279

TL;DR

This paper introduces SOPRANO, a new time-dependent kinetic code for modeling leptonic and hadronic processes in blazar jets, applied to interpret multi-messenger observations of specific neutrino-associated blazars.

Contribution

The paper presents SOPRANO, a novel conservative implicit kinetic code that models the time evolution of particle distributions in blazar jets, enabling detailed multi-messenger emission analysis.

Findings

SOPRANO successfully models the broadband spectra of multiple blazars.

Both hadronic and hybrid models can explain the observed SEDs.

Implications for jet power and neutrino flux are discussed.

Abstract

The observation of a very-high-energy neutrino by IceCube (IceCube-170922A) and its association with the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 provided the first multimessenger observations of blazar jets, demonstrating the important role of protons in their dynamics and emission. In this paper, we present SOPRANO (https://www.amsdc.am/soprano), a new conservative implicit kinetic code which follows the time evolution of the isotropic distribution functions of protons, neutrons and the secondaries produced in photo-pion and photo-pair interactions, alongside with the evolution of photon and electron/positron distribution functions. SOPRANO is designed to study leptonic and hadronic processes in relativistic sources such as blazars and gamma-ray bursts. Here, we use SOPRANO to model the broadband spectrum of TXS 0506+056 and 3HSP J095507.9+355101, which are associated with neutrino events, and of the extreme flaring blazar 3C 279. The SEDs are interpreted within the guise of both a hadronic and a hybrid model. We discuss the implications of our assumptions in terms of jet power and neutrino flux.