Selective and Collective Actuation in Active Solids

TL;DR

This paper introduces a minimal model of active elastic solids demonstrating how collective and selective actuation emerges from the interplay of activity, elasticity, and geometry, with implications for biological tissues and smart materials.

Contribution

It provides a combined experimental, numerical, and theoretical analysis of how active agents induce collective oscillations in elastic solids, revealing a novel selection mechanism.

Findings

A few elastic modes are selectively actuated, not necessarily the lowest energy ones.

Large enough coupling leads to collective oscillations of the lattice nodes.

The study maps out the bifurcation scenario and the actuation selection mechanism.

Abstract

Active solids consist of elastically coupled out-of-equilibrium units performing work. They are central to autonomous processes, such as locomotion, self-oscillations and rectification, in biological systems,designer materials and robotics. Yet, the feedback mechanism between elastic and active forces, and the possible emergence of collective behaviours in a mechanically stable elastic solid remains elusive. Here we introduce a minimal realization of an active elastic solid, in which we characterize the emergence of selective and collective actuation and fully map out the interplay between activity, elasticity and geometry. Polar active agents exert forces on the nodes of a two dimensional elastic lattice. The resulting displacement field nonlinearly reorients the active agents. For large enough coupling, a collective oscillation of the lattice nodes around their equilibrium position emerges. Only a few elastic modes are actuated and, crucially, they are not necessarily the lowest energy ones. Combining experiments with the numerical and theoretical analysis of an agents model, we unveil the bifurcation scenario and the selection mechanism by which the collective actuation takes place. Our findings may provide a new mechanism for oscillatory dynamics in biological tissues and specifically confluent cell monolayers. The present selection mechanism may also be advantageous in providing meta-materials, with bona fide autonomy.