Effects of stage structure on coexistence: mixed benefits

TL;DR

This paper investigates how stage structure in competition models influences species coexistence, revealing that it can promote coexistence in pairs of similar species but is unlikely to be a key factor in highly diverse ecosystems.

Contribution

The study provides analytical and numerical evidence that stage structure can foster coexistence in two-species models and explores its limitations in multi-species communities.

Findings

Stage structure can promote coexistence in two-species models.

Emergent coexistence is robust to parameter perturbations.

Coexistence from stage structure is limited to similar species in diverse communities.

Abstract

The properties of competition models where all individuals are identical are relatively well-understood; however, juveniles and adults can experience or generate competition differently. We study here less well-known structured competition models in discrete time that allow multiple life history parameters to depend on adult or juvenile population densities. A numerical study with Ricker density-dependence suggested that when competition coefficients acting on juvenile survival and fertility reflect opposite competitive hierarchies, stage structure could foster coexistence. We revisit and expand those results. First, through a Beverton-Holt two-species juvenile-adult model, we confirm that these findings do not depend on the specifics of density-dependence or life cycles, and obtain analytical expressions explaining how this coexistence emerging from stage structure can occur. Second, we show using a community-level sensitivity analysis that such emergent coexistence is robust to perturbations of parameter values. Finally, we ask whether these results extend from two to many species, using simulations. We show that they do not, as coexistence emerging from stage structure is only seen for very similar life-history parameters. Such emergent coexistence is therefore not likely to be a key mechanism of coexistence in very diverse ecosystems, although it may contribute to explaining coexistence of certain pairs of intensely competing species.