Nuclear fusion catalyzed by doubly charged scalars: Implications for energy production

TL;DR

This paper explores the potential of doubly charged scalar particles to catalyze nuclear fusion at low temperatures, offering a novel approach to energy production with low sticking probabilities and reactivation possibilities.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of $X$-catalyzed fusion using doubly charged scalars, analyzing their effectiveness and reactivation methods, which is a new approach compared to muon-catalyzed fusion.

Findings

$X$-particles can catalyze approximately 3.5 billion fusion cycles.

The energy produced per $X$-particle is about 70,000 TeV.

Sticking probability to $^6$Li is very low, enabling multiple cycles.

Abstract

A number of popular extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics predict the existence of doubly charged scalar particles $X^{\pm\pm}$. Such particles may be long-lived or even stable. If exist, $X^{--}$ could form atomic bound states with light nuclei and catalyze their fusion by essentially eliminating the Coulomb barrier between them. Such an $X$-catalyzed fusion ($X$CF) process does not require high temperatures or pressure and may have important applications for energy production. A similar process of muon-catalyzed fusion ($\mu$CF) has been shown not to be a viable source of energy because of the sticking of negative muons to helium nuclei produced in the fusion of hydrogen isotopes, which stops the catalytic process. We analyze $X$CF in deuterium environments and show that the $X$-particles can only stick to $^6$Li nuclei, which are produced in the third-stage reactions downstream in the catalytic cycle. The corresponding sticking probability is very low, and, before getting bound to $^6$Li, each $X$-particle can catalyze $\sim 3.5\cdot 10^{9}$ fusion cycles, producing $\sim 7\cdot 10^{4}$ TeV of energy. We also discuss the ways of reactivating the $X$-particles from the Coulomb-bound (${\rm ^6Li}X$) states, which would allow re-using them in $X$CF reactions.