Stable nickel production in Type Ia supernovae: A smoking gun for the progenitor mass?

TL;DR

This study investigates the production of stable nickel in Type Ia supernovae to determine if late-time spectral lines can reliably indicate the progenitor's mass, revealing complex dependencies that challenge simple diagnostics.

Contribution

It demonstrates that [Ni II] spectral lines are not straightforward indicators of progenitor mass due to ionization effects and mixing, providing a nuanced understanding of nucleosynthesis signatures.

Findings

[Ni II] lines are suppressed in sub-MCh supernovae due to ionization.

Strong [Ni II] lines in low-luminosity SNe Ia suggest Chandrasekhar-mass progenitors.

The dominant production of 58Ni is via the 57Co(p,gamma)58Ni reaction.

Abstract

At present, there are strong indications that white dwarf (WD) stars with masses well below the Chandrasekhar limit (MCh ~ 1.4 Msun) contribute a significant fraction of SN Ia progenitors. The relative fraction of stable iron-group elements synthesized in the explosion has been suggested as a possible discriminant between MCh and sub-MCh events. In particular, it is thought that the higher-density ejecta of MCh WDs, which favours the synthesis of stable isotopes of nickel, results in prominent [Ni II] lines in late-time spectra. We study the explosive nucleosynthesis of stable nickel in SNe Ia resulting from MCh and sub-MCh progenitors. We explore the potential for lines of [Ni II] at 7378 \AA\ and 1.94 microns in late-time spectra to serve as a diagnostic of the exploding WD mass, using nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium radiative-transfer simulations with the CMFGEN code. We find that the radiative proton-capture reaction 57Co(p,gamma)58Ni is the dominant production mode for 58Ni in both MCh and sub-MCh models, while the alpha-capture reaction on 54Fe has a negligible impact on the final 58Ni yield. More importantly, we demonstrate that the lack of [Ni II] lines in late-time spectra of sub-MCh events is not always due to an under-abundance of stable Ni; rather, it results from the higher ionization of Ni in the inner ejecta. Conversely, the strong [Ni II] lines predicted in our 1D MCh models are completely suppressed when 56Ni is sufficiently mixed with the innermost layers, which are rich in stable iron-group elements. [Ni II] lines in late-time SN Ia spectra have a complex dependency on the abundance of stable Ni, which limits their use in distinguishing among MCh and sub-MCh progenitors. However, we argue that a low-luminosity SN Ia displaying strong [Ni II] lines would most likely result from a Chandrasekhar-mass progenitor. [Abridged]