Spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap: even-petal-number necklacelike state and persistent flow

TL;DR

This paper explores the ground-state phases of a spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate in a toroidal trap, revealing novel persistent flow and necklace states with even petal numbers through numerical and analytical methods.

Contribution

It introduces the combined effects of spin-orbit coupling, spin-1 interactions, and a toroidal trap, identifying new phases such as necklace states and persistent flows.

Findings

Identification of persistent flow states with phase winding differences

Discovery of necklace states with even petal numbers

Characterization of phases via numerical and analytical models

Abstract

Spin-orbit coupling has novel spin-flip symmetries, a spin-1 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate owns meaningful interactions, and a toroidal trap is topologically nontrivial. We incorporate the three together and study the ground-state phase diagram in a Rashba spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate with a toroidal trap. The spin-flip symmetries give rise to two different interesting phases: persistent flows with a unit phase winding difference between three components, and necklace states with even petal-number. The existing parameter regimes and properties of these phases are characterized by two-dimension numerical calculations and an azimuthal analytical one-dimension model.