ALL-IN meta-analysis: breathing life into living systematic reviews and prospective meta-analyses
Judith ter Schure, Peter Gr\"unwald

TL;DR
The paper introduces ALL-IN meta-analysis, a flexible, real-time approach using e-values and anytime-valid confidence intervals to improve the efficiency and validity of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Contribution
It proposes a novel meta-analysis framework that allows continuous updating and decision-making without predefined stopping rules, enhancing research efficiency and validity.
Findings
Enables live, retrospective, and prospective meta-analyses.
Maintains statistical validity with optional stopping and continuation.
Supports real-time evidence synthesis without sample size information.
Abstract
Science is justly admired as a cumulative process ("standing on the shoulders of giants"), yet scientific knowledge is typically built on a patchwork of research contributions without much coordination. This lack of efficiency has specifically been addressed in clinical research by recommendations against avoidable research waste and for living systematic reviews and prospective meta-analysis. We propose to further those recommendations with ALL-IN meta-analysis: Anytime Live and Leading INterim meta-analysis. ALL-IN provides meta-analysis based on e-values and anytime-valid confidence intervals that can be updated at any time - reanalyzing after each new observation while retaining type-I error and coverage guarantees, live - no need to prespecify the looks, and leading - in the decisions on whether individual studies should be initiated, stopped or expanded, the meta-analysis can be…
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