Geant4-based calibration of an organic liquid scintillator

TL;DR

This paper presents a Geant4 simulation-based method for calibrating the light yield of an NE 213A organic liquid scintillator, providing insights into systematic uncertainties and comparing it with traditional calibration prescriptions.

Contribution

The study introduces a simulation-based calibration approach that improves understanding of detector gain, resolution, and uncertainties, outperforming traditional methods in accuracy.

Findings

Simulation predicts 17% lower light-yield than prescriptions.

Approximately 35% of scintillation light reaches the photocathode.

The method enhances understanding of systematic uncertainties.

Abstract

A light-yield calibration of an NE 213A organic liquid scintillator detector has been performed using both monoenergetic and polyenergetic gamma-ray sources. Scintillation light was detected in a photomultiplier tube, and the corresponding pulses were subjected to waveform digitization on an event-by-event basis. The resulting Compton edges have been analyzed using a Geant4 simulation of the detector which models both the interactions of the ionizing radiation as well as the transport of scintillation photons. The simulation is calibrated and also compared to well-established prescriptions used to determine the Compton edges, resulting ultimately in light-yield calibration functions. In the process, the simulation-based method produced information on the gain and intrinsic pulse-height resolution of the detector. It also facilitated a previously inaccessible understanding of the systematic uncertainties associated with the calibration of the scintillation-light yield. The simulation-based method was also compared to well-established numerical prescriptions for locating the Compton edges. Ultimately, the simulation predicted as much as 17% lower light-yield calibrations than the prescriptions. These calibrations indicate that approximately 35% of the scintillation light associated with a given gamma-ray reaches the photocathode. It is remarkable how well two 50 year old prescriptions for calibrating scintillation-light yield in organic scintillators have stood the test of time.