Investigation of the subsurface structure of a sunspot based on the spatial distribution of oscillation centers inferred from umbral flashes

TL;DR

This study investigates the subsurface structure of sunspots by analyzing the spatial distribution of oscillation centers from umbral flashes, providing observational evidence favoring the cluster model over the monolithic model.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel method of tracking umbral flashes to infer convection cell locations, offering new observational support for the cluster model of sunspot subsurface structure.

Findings

Oscillation centers are located at dark nuclei in umbral cores.

Centers tend to deviate from the merging sunspots' convergent interface.

Inferred convection depths show no regional dependence.

Abstract

The subsurface structure of a solar sunspot is important in the stability of the sunspots and the energy transport therein. Two subsurface structure models have been proposed, the monolithic and cluster models, but no clear observational evidence supporting a particular model has been found so far. To obtain clues about the subsurface structure of sunspots, we analyzed umbral flashes in merging sunspots registered by IRIS Mg II 2796 Angstrom slit-jaw images (SJIs). Umbral flashes are regarded as an observational manifestation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shock waves originating from convection cells below the photosphere. By tracking the motion of individual umbral flashes, we determined the position of the convection cells that are the oscillation centers located below the umbra. We found that the oscillation centers are preferentially located at dark nuclei in the umbral cores rather than in bright regions such as light bridges or umbral dots. Moreover, the oscillation centers tend to deviate from the convergent interface of the merging sunspots where vigorous convection is expected to occur. We also found that the inferred depths of the convection cells have no noticeable regional dependence. These results suggest that the subsurface of the umbra is an environment where convection can occur more easily than the convergent interface, and hence support the cluster model. For more concrete results, further studies based on umbral velocity oscillations in the lower atmosphere are required.