The inner density profile of an elliptical galaxy at z=1.15 from gravitational lensing

TL;DR

This study uses gravitational lensing data to model the density profile of an elliptical galaxy at z=1.15 with a broken power-law, revealing complex inner structures and implications for accurate cosmological measurements.

Contribution

First application of a broken power-law model to real lensing data, showing the galaxy's density profile varies with radius and impacts Hubble constant estimates.

Findings

Density profile is sub-isothermal near Einstein radius

Profile steepens to super-isothermal at smaller radii

Single power-law models underestimate Hubble constant by 10%

Abstract

The density profiles of lensing galaxies are typically parameterised by singular power-law models with a logarithmic slope close to isothermal ($\zeta=2$). This is sufficient to fit the lensed emission near the Einstein radius but may not be sufficient when extrapolated to smaller or larger radii if the large-scale density profile is more complex. Here, we consider a broken power-law model for the density profile of an elliptical galaxy at $z=1.15$ using observations with the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimetre Array of the strong gravitational lens system SPT0532$-$50. This is the first application of such a model to real data. We find the lensed emission is best fit by a density profile that is sub-isothermal ($\zeta = 1.87^{+0.02}_{-0.03}$) near the Einstein radius and steepens to super-isothermal ($\zeta = 2.14^{+0.03}_{-0.02}$) at around half the Einstein radius, demonstrating that the lensing data probes the mass distribution inside the region probed by the lensed images. Assuming that a broken power-law is the underlying truth, we find that a single power-law would result in a $10\pm1$ percent underestimate of the Hubble constant from time-delay cosmography. Our results suggest that a broken power-law could be useful for precision lens modelling and probing the structural evolution of elliptical galaxies.