Observations of cold extragalactic gas clouds at $z = 0.45$ towards PKS 1610-771

TL;DR

This study uses MUSE observations to analyze a 21-cm HI absorption system at redshift 0.45, revealing complex extragalactic cold gas clouds associated with galaxy interactions, and providing insights for future large-scale HI surveys.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed case study of cold extragalactic gas clouds at z=0.45, linking 21-cm absorption features to galaxy interactions and complex gas structures beyond galaxy disks.

Findings

Cold neutral gas can exist beyond galaxy disks.

The 21-cm absorber is likely associated with galaxy interactions.

Complex gas structures are detectable at z=0.45.

Abstract

We present results from MUSE observations of a 21-cm HI absorption system detected with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder radio telescope at redshift $z = 0.4503$ towards the $z = 1.71$ quasar PKS 1610-771. We identify four galaxies (A, B, X and Y) at the same redshift as the 21-cm H I Damped Lyman-{\alpha} (DLA) absorption system, with impact parameters ranging from less than 10 kpc to almost 200 kpc from the quasar sightline. Ca II and Na I absorption is seen in the MUSE spectrum of the background QSO, with velocities coinciding with the initial HI 21-cm detection, but tracing less dense and warmer gas. This metal-line component aligns with the rotating ionised disc of galaxy B (impact parameter 18 kpc from the QSO) and appears to be co-rotating with the galaxy disc. In contrast, the 21-cm HI absorber is blueshifted relative to the galaxies nearest the absorber and has the opposite sign to the velocity field of galaxy B. Since galaxies A and B are separated by only 17 kpc on the sky and $70$ km s$^{-1}$ in velocity, it appears likely that the 21-cm detection traces extragalactic clouds of gas formed from their interaction. This system reveals that the cold 100 K neutral gas critical for star formation can be associated with complex structures beyond the galaxy disc, and is a first case study made in preparation for future large 21-cm absorption surveys like the ASKAP First Large Absorption Survey in HI.