Cosmology of an Axion-Like Majoron

TL;DR

This paper introduces an axion-like majoron model with specific cosmological effects, including contributions to effective neutrino species and potential resolution of the Hubble tension, while avoiding strong experimental bounds.

Contribution

It presents a novel singlet majoron model with inverse seesaw mechanism, detailing its cosmological evolution and implications for the Hubble tension and structure formation.

Findings

Majoron mass ~0.5 eV with specific couplings

Contributes ΔN_eff=0.85 near recombination

Potential to relax the Hubble tension to H0=71.4 km/s/Mpc

Abstract

We propose a singlet majoron model that defines an inverse seesaw mechanism in the $\nu$ sector. The majoron $\phi$ has a mass $m_\phi\approx 0.5$ eV and a coupling to the $\tau$ lepton similar to the one to neutrinos. In the early universe it is initially in thermal equilibrium, then it decouples at $T\approx 500$ GeV and contributes with just $\Delta N_{\rm eff}=0.026$ during BBN. At $T=26$ keV (final stages of BBN) a primordial magnetic field induces resonant $\gamma \leftrightarrow \phi$ oscillations that transfer 6% of the photon energy into majorons, implying $\Delta N_{\rm eff}=0.55$ and a 4.7% increase in the baryon to photon ratio. At $T\approx m_\phi$ the majoron enters in thermal contact with the heaviest neutrino and it finally decays into $\nu \bar \nu$ pairs near recombination, setting $\Delta N_{\rm eff}=0.85$. The boost in the expansion rate at later times may relax the Hubble tension (we obtain $H_0=(71.4\pm 0.5)$ km/s/Mpc), while the processes $ \nu\bar \nu \leftrightarrow \phi$ suppress the free streaming of these particles and make the model consistent with large scale structure observations. Its lifetime and the fact that it decays into neutrinos instead of photons lets this axion-like majoron avoid the strong bounds that affect other axion-like particles of similar mass and coupling to photons.