Artificial Neural Networks for cosmic gamma-ray propagation in the Universe

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that artificial neural networks can effectively estimate gamma-ray optical depths in the universe, offering a new computational approach to understanding gamma-ray propagation affected by extragalactic background light.

Contribution

The study introduces a neural network-based method to predict gamma-ray optical depths, outperforming traditional algorithms and providing a novel tool for astrophysical gamma-ray propagation analysis.

Findings

RBF neural networks outperform back-propagation in accuracy.

Optimal neural network configuration identified with 40 hidden neurons.

Best results achieved with the Finke et al. (2010) EBL model.

Abstract

We explore the potential of an artificial neural network (ANN) based method intelligence to probe the propagation of cosmic $\gamma$-ray photons in the extragalactic Universe. The journey of $\gamma$-rays emitted from a distant source like blazar to the observer at the Earth is impeded by the absorption through the interaction with the extragalactic background light (EBL), leading to an electron-positron pair production. This process dominates for gamma ray photons with energy above 10 GeV propagating over the cosmological distances. The effect of $\gamma$-ray attenuation is characterized by a physical quantity called \emph{optical depth}, which strongly depends on the $\gamma$-ray photon energy, redshift of the source, and density of the EBL photons. We estimate the optical depth values for $\gamma$-ray energies above 10 GeV emitted from the sources at redshifts in the range 0.01 to 1 using three different and most promising EBL models. These optical depth estimates are randomly divided into two data sets for training and testing of the ANN using energy, redshift as inputs and optical depth as output. The optimization of ANN-performance for each EBL model employs standard back-propagation (BP) and radial-basis function (RBF) algorithms. The performance of the ANN model using the RBF is found to be superior to the BP method. In particular, the RBF-ANN with 40 neurons in the hidden layer corresponding to the EBL model proposed by Finke et al. (2010) shows the best performance for the propagation of $\gamma$-rays in the Universe.