Avoiding symmetry roadblocks and minimizing the measurement overhead of adaptive variational quantum eigensolvers

TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to reduce measurement overhead in adaptive variational quantum eigensolvers by using minimal complete operator pools, improving efficiency in quantum simulations of strongly correlated systems.

Contribution

It proves that operator pools of size 2n-2 can represent any state, discusses their properties, and shows how to adapt them for symmetry considerations to enhance VQE performance.

Findings

Measurement overhead can be reduced to linear growth with qubits.

Complete pools of size 2n-2 are sufficient for universal state representation.

Symmetry-adapted pools improve convergence in simulations.

Abstract

Quantum simulation of strongly correlated systems is potentially the most feasible useful application of near-term quantum computers. Minimizing quantum computational resources is crucial to achieving this goal. A promising class of algorithms for this purpose consists of variational quantum eigensolvers (VQEs). Among these, problem-tailored versions such as ADAPT-VQE that build variational ans\"atze step by step from a predefined operator pool perform particularly well in terms of circuit depths and variational parameter counts. However, this improved performance comes at the expense of an additional measurement overhead compared to standard VQEs. Here, we show that this overhead can be reduced to an amount that grows only linearly with the number $n$ of qubits, instead of quartically as in the original ADAPT-VQE. We do this by proving that operator pools of size $2n-2$ can represent any state in Hilbert space if chosen appropriately. We prove that this is the minimal size of such "complete" pools, discuss their algebraic properties, and present necessary and sufficient conditions for their completeness that allow us to find such pools efficiently. We further show that, if the simulated problem possesses symmetries, then complete pools can fail to yield convergent results, unless the pool is chosen to obey certain symmetry rules. We demonstrate the performance of such symmetry-adapted complete pools by using them in classical simulations of ADAPT-VQE for several strongly correlated molecules. Our findings are relevant for any VQE that uses an ansatz based on Pauli strings.