Two Nambu-Goldstone zero modes for rotating Bose-Einstein condensates
Rodney E. S. Polkinghorne, Tapio P. Simula
TL;DR
This paper demonstrates the existence of two exact Nambu-Goldstone zero modes in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates with vortex arrays, revealing new insights into symmetry breaking and collective excitations.
Contribution
It identifies and analytically verifies two Nambu-Goldstone zero modes in finite-size vortex arrays, linking symmetry breaking to collective excitations in rotating BECs.
Findings
Two exact Nambu-Goldstone zero modes identified
Verification through numerical diagonalization of Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations
Comparison with supersolids and time crystals
Abstract
We consider rotating finite size vortex arrays in Bose-Einstein condensates that are confined by cylindrically symmetric external potentials. We show that such systems possess two exact Nambu-Goldstone zero modes associated with two spontaneously broken continuous symmetries of the system. We verify our analytical result via direct numerical diagonalizations of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. We conclude by comparing rotating vortex lattices in superfluids to supersolids and discrete time crystals.
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