On the overflowing of cosmic rays from galaxies and the expansion of cosmic matter

TL;DR

This paper proposes that the universe's expansion is driven by electrostatic repulsion from positively charged cosmic nuclei overflowing from galaxies, which over billions of years causes galaxy clusters to accelerate away from each other.

Contribution

It introduces a novel electrostatic charge-based mechanism for cosmic expansion, challenging traditional gravity-only models.

Findings

Galactic cosmic rays carry a positive charge that overflows into intergalactic space.

Electrostatic repulsion between charged galaxy clusters can surpass gravitational attraction.

Over billions of years, this repulsion accelerates galaxy clusters to relativistic speeds.

Abstract

Particles of the cosmic radiation, electrons and nuclei, transport a dominant positive electric charge. A tiny fraction of these particles of extremely high energies in favorable conditions overflow from galaxies. The overflowing of positively charged cosmic nuclei into the intergalactic space uncovers an equal amount of negative charge in the parent galaxy. Negative charge is mainly stored by quiescent electrons. After adequate particle propagation neither the negative electric charge located in the galaxies nor the positive electric charge of the overflowed cosmic nuclei can be neutralized due to the enormous distances. In several ways it is proved that the total electric charge retained by clusters of galaxies after an appropriate time interval generate a repulsive force between clusters which overwhelms gravity. After a few billions years of electrostatic repulsion, peripheral clusters attain relativistic velocities and their mutual distances increase accordingly. Several facts suggest that the expansion of the universe, as determined by optical observations since a century, has been caused by the electrostatic repulsion of the positively charged cosmic nuclei overflowed from galaxy clusters.