Edge Contact Angle, Capillary Condensation, and Meniscus Depinning

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complex phase behavior of fluids in open capillary slits, revealing how aspect ratio and contact angle influence condensation types, meniscus depinning, and phase transitions through theoretical and microscopic analyses.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed classification of capillary condensation regimes based on aspect ratio and contact angle, including depinning transitions, supported by finite-size scaling and microscopic DFT.

Findings

Condensation types depend on aspect ratio and contact angle.

Meniscus depinning occurs at the edges during phase transitions.

Capillary condensation can be suppressed at large contact angles.

Abstract

We study the phase equilibria of a fluid confined in an open capillary slit formed when a wall of finite length $H$ is brought a distance $L$ away from a second macroscopic surface. This system shows rich phase equilibria arising from the competition between two different types of capillary condensation, corner filling and meniscus depinning transitions depending on the value of the aspect ratio $a=L/H$. For long capillaries, with $a<2/\pi$, the condensation is of type I involving menisci which are pinned at the top edges at the ends of the capillary characterized by an edge contact angle. For intermediate capillaries, with $2/\pi<a<1$, depending on the value of the contact angle the condensation may be of type I or of type II, in which the menisci overspill into the reservoir and there is no pinning. For short capillaries, with $a>1$, condensation is always of type II. In all regimes, capillary condensation is completely suppressed for sufficiently large contact angles. We show that there is an additional continuous phase transition in the condensed liquid-like phase, associated with the depinning of each meniscus as they round the upper open edges of the slit. Finite-size scaling predictions are developed for these transitions and phase boundaries which connect with the fluctuation theories of wetting and filling transitions. We test several of our predictions using a fully microscopic Density Functional Theory which allows us to study the two types of capillary condensation and its suppression at the molecular level.