Cosmological Formation of (2+1)-Dimensional Soliton Structures in Models Possessing Potentials with Local Peaks

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation of domain walls and string-like solitons in a 2D scalar field model with potentials featuring saddle points and local maxima, relevant to early universe cosmology.

Contribution

It demonstrates the conditions for soliton formation in such models and provides estimates of their formation probabilities, highlighting the suppression of string-like solitons.

Findings

Both domain walls and string-like solitons can form in the early Universe.

The formation probability of string-like solitons is lower than that of domain walls.

The model considers 2D slices of 3D structures with specific potential features.

Abstract

Production of domain walls and string-like solitons in the model with two real scalar fields and potential with at least one saddle point and a local maximum is considered. The model is regarded as 2-dimensional spatial slices of 3-dimensional entire structures. It is shown that, in the early Universe, both types of solitons may appear. In addition, the qualitative estimate of the domain walls and strings formation probabilities is presented. It is found that the probability of the formation of string-like solitons is suppressed compared to that of domain walls.