Shaping Individualized Impedance Landscapes for Gait Training via Reinforcement Learning

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel reinforcement learning-based adaptive controller that autonomously reshapes impedance landscapes in real-time to enhance gait training effectiveness tailored to individual motor abilities.

Contribution

It presents a model-free, phase-dependent reinforcement learning approach for personalized impedance control in robot-assisted gait training, improving adaptability over traditional methods.

Findings

Successfully reshaped impedance landscapes in real-time.

Enhanced short-term motor adaptation in gait training.

Validated with able-bodied subjects using a powered orthosis.

Abstract

Assist-as-needed (AAN) control aims at promoting therapeutic outcomes in robot-assisted rehabilitation by encouraging patients' active participation. Impedance control is used by most AAN controllers to create a compliant force field around a target motion to ensure tracking accuracy while allowing moderate kinematic errors. However, since the parameters governing the shape of the force field are often tuned manually or adapted online based on simplistic assumptions about subjects' learning abilities, the effectiveness of conventional AAN controllers may be limited. In this work, we propose a novel adaptive AAN controller that is capable of autonomously reshaping the force field in a phase-dependent manner according to each individual's motor abilities and task requirements. The proposed controller consists of a modified Policy Improvement with Path Integral algorithm, a model-free, sampling-based reinforcement learning method that learns a subject-specific impedance landscape in real-time, and a hierarchical policy parameter evaluation structure that embeds the AAN paradigm by specifying performance-driven learning goals. The adaptability of the proposed control strategy to subjects' motor responses and its ability to promote short-term motor adaptations are experimentally validated through treadmill training sessions with able-bodied subjects who learned altered gait patterns with the assistance of a powered ankle-foot orthosis.