A mechanistic model for the asymmetric torque-speed relationships of a bacterial flagellar motor

TL;DR

This paper presents a mechanistic model explaining the asymmetric torque-speed relationship of bacterial flagellar motors, attributing the asymmetry to conformational changes in the hook during rotational switching.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed mechanistic model linking hook conformational changes to torque-speed asymmetry, advancing understanding of bacterial motor mechanics.

Findings

Asymmetry arises from hook conformational changes, not stator-rotor potential differences.

Revolution dominates in CCW mode with flexible hooks, affecting torque-speed shape.

Spinning dominates in CW mode with straight hooks, leading to linear torque-speed relation.

Abstract

A tiny bacterial flagellar motor rotates in both counter-clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotational directions. The most important measurable characteristic of the flagellar motor is its torque versus angular speed relationship in CCW or CW modes, which is found to be non-symmetrical with each other, and still, such a phenomenon is not clearly understood.Here, we explain this asymmetry through a mechanistic model based on the detailed torque analysis for the rotation of the motor and the revolutionary as well as spinning motion of the filament and bead. We find out that the asymmetry results from the conformational changing of the hook due to rotational switching, rather than any non-symmetric changes in the potential of mean force generated by the stator-rotor interactions. In CCW mode, when the hook remains bend and flexible, the revolution motion predominates and the restoring torque in this motion, originated due to drag, governs the shape of the torque-speed curve. However, in CW mode, spinning motion dominates as the hook becomes straight and rigid, and the linear torque-speed relation arises due to the restoring torque for the drag corresponding to this motion. Our study indicates the significant role of the hook's conformational change upon the biological functions of the motor and paves the way for further experimental exploration on the structural origin of such asymmetry.