Half a cubic hectometer mooring array of 3000 temperature sensors in the deep sea

TL;DR

This paper details the design, deployment, and capabilities of a large-scale 3D temperature sensor array in the deep Mediterranean Sea to study internal waves and turbulence.

Contribution

It introduces a novel half-cubic-hectometer 3D sensor array with high-resolution temperature measurements for deep-sea turbulence research.

Findings

Successful deployment of a 480,000 m3 3D sensor array

High-resolution temperature data collected at 0.5 Hz

Array designed for 3-year autonomous operation

Abstract

The redistribution of matter in the deep-sea depends on water-flow currents and turbulent exchange, for which breaking internal waves are an important source. As internal waves and turbulence are essentially three-dimensional 3D, their dynamical development should ideally be studied in a volume of seawater. However, this is seldom done in the ocean where 1D-observations along a single vertical line are already difficult. We present the design, construction and successful deployment of a half-cubic-hectometer (480,000 m3) 3D-T mooring array holding 2925 high-resolution temperature sensors to study weakly density-stratified waters of the 2500-m deep Western Mediterranean. The stand-alone array samples temperature at a rate of 0.5 Hz, with precision <0.5 mK, noise level <0.1 mK and expected endurance of 3 years. The independent sensors are synchronized inductively every 4 h to a single standard clock. The array consists of 45 vertical lines 125 m long, at 9.5 m horizontally from their nearest neighbor. Each line is held under tension of 1.3 kN by a buoyancy element that is released chemically one week after deployment. All fold-up lines are attached to a grid of cables that is tensioned in a 70 m diameter ring of steel tubes. The array is build-up in harbor-waters, with air filling the steel tubes for floatation. The flat-form array is towed to the mooring site under favorable sea-state conditions. By opening valves in the steel tubes, the array is sunk and its free-fall is controlled by a custom-made drag-parachute reducing the average sinking speed to 1.3 m s-1 and providing smooth horizontal landing on the flat seafloor.