Ultrastrong magnetic light-matter interaction with cavity mode engineering

TL;DR

This paper introduces mode engineering techniques to create resonators with ultrasmall mode volume and ultrahigh quality factor, significantly enhancing magnetic light-matter interactions for various advanced applications.

Contribution

It demonstrates the ability to achieve arbitrarily small mode volumes with minimal quality-factor degradation, greatly strengthening magnetic interactions beyond previous limits.

Findings

Magnetic interaction can be increased over 10^16 times compared to free space.

Experimental results with diamond NV spins agree with theoretical predictions.

Resonator design enables applications in quantum computing and fundamental science.

Abstract

Magnetic interaction between photons and dipoles is essential in electronics, sensing, spectroscopy, and quantum computing. However, its weak strength often requires resonators to confine and store the photons. Here, we present mode engineering techniques to create resonators with ultrasmall mode volume and ultrahigh quality factor. In particular, we show that it is possible to achieve an arbitrarily small mode volume only limited by materials or fabrication with minimal quality-factor degradation. We compare mode-engineered cavities in a trade-off space and show that the magnetic interaction can be strengthened more than $10^{16}$ times compared to free space. Proof-of-principles experiments using an ensemble of diamond nitrogen-vacancy spins show good agreement with our theoretical predictions. These methods enable new applications from high-cooperativity microwave-spin coupling in quantum computing or compact electron paramagnetic resonance sensors to fundamental science such as dark matter searches.