M17 MIR: A massive protostar with multiple accretion Outbursts

TL;DR

This study reports the discovery and analysis of a massive protostar in M17, exhibiting multiple accretion outbursts over 26 years, revealing frequent minor bursts during early massive star formation.

Contribution

First detailed multi-epoch study of a massive protostar showing multiple accretion outbursts and their characteristics in M17.

Findings

M17 MIR experienced two accretion outbursts separated by 6 years.

Accretion rate during outbursts increased by over two orders of magnitude.

Outbursts occupy 83% of the observed 26-year period.

Abstract

We report the discovery of a massive protostar M17~MIR embedded in a hot molecular core in M17. The multiwavelength data obtained during 1993--2019 show significant mid-IR (MIR) variations, which can be split into three stages: the decreasing phase during 1993.03--mid-2004, the quiescent phase from mid-2004 to mid-2010, and the rebrightening phase from mid-2010 until now. The variation of the 22\,GHz H$_2$O maser emission, together with the MIR variation, indicates an enhanced disk accretion rate onto M17~MIR during the decreasing and rebrightening phases. Radiative transfer modeling of the spectral energy distributions of M17~MIR in the 2005 epoch (quiescent) and 2017 epoch (accretion outburst) constrains the basic stellar parameters of M17~MIR, which is an intermediate-mass protostar (M~5.4 Msun) with accretion rate ~1.1x10^-5 Msun in the 2005 epoch and ~1.7x10^-3 Msun/yr in the 2017 epoch. The enhanced accretion rate during outburst induces the luminosity outburst $\Delta L\approx7600 $Lsun. In the accretion outburst, a larger stellar radius is required to produce accretion rate consistent with the value estimated from the kinematics of water masers. M17 MIR shows two accretion outbursts ($\Delta t\sim 9-20$ yr) with outburst magnitudes of 2 mag, separated by a 6 yr quiescent phase. The accretion outbusrt occupies 83\% of the time over 26 yr. The accretion rate in outburst is variable with amplitude much lower than the contrast between quiescent and outburst phases. The extreme youth of M17 MIR suggests that minor accretion bursts are frequent in the earliest stages of massive star formation.