Shape multistability in flexible tubular crystals through interactions of mobile dislocations

TL;DR

This paper explores how mobile dislocations enable shape multistability and morphing in flexible tubular crystals, revealing how defect interactions and external parameters can be used to program diverse, reconfigurable tube geometries.

Contribution

It introduces a computational model showing how dislocation mobility and defect arrangements can be harnessed to control the shape and stability of flexible tubular crystals.

Findings

Dislocation interactions stabilize diverse tubular shapes.

Shape stability depends on bending rigidity, stress, and curvature.

Targeted defect patterns enable programmable tube conformations.

Abstract

We study avenues to shape multistability and shape-morphing in flexible crystalline membranes of cylindrical topology, enabled by glide mobility of dislocations. Using computational modeling, we obtain states of mechanical equilibrium presenting a wide variety of tubular crystal deformation geometries, due to an interplay of effective defect interactions with out-of-tangent-plane deformations that reorient the tube axis. Importantly, this interplay often stabilizes defect configurations quite distinct from those predicted for a two-dimensional crystal confined to the surface of a rigid cylinder. We find that relative and absolute stability of competing states depend strongly on control parameters such as bending rigidity, applied stress, and spontaneous curvature. Using stable dislocation pair arrangements as building blocks, we demonstrate that targeted macroscopic three-dimensional conformations of thin crystalline tubes can be programmed by imposing certain sparse patterns of defects. Our findings reveal a broad design space for controllable and reconfigurable colloidal tube geometries, with potential relevance also to carbon nanotubes and microtubules.