Onset of low-frequency capillary waves driven by high-frequency ultrasound

TL;DR

This study investigates how high-frequency ultrasound induces low-frequency capillary waves on droplets through a feedback mechanism involving acoustic radiation pressure and surface tension, combining experiments and simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a pressure-interface feedback model explaining low-frequency wave onset driven by high-frequency ultrasound, validated by high-speed holography and simulations.

Findings

Low-frequency capillary waves are driven by feedback between acoustic pressure and droplet surface.

The model accurately predicts wave amplitude and frequency at wave onset.

Viscous effects influence wave attenuation, confirmed by experiments with different fluids.

Abstract

High frequency thickness mode ultrasound is an energy-efficient way to atomize high-viscosity fluid at high flow rate into fine aerosol mists of micron-sized droplet distributions. However the complex physics of the atomization process is not well understood. It is found that with low power the droplet vibrates at low frequency (O[100 Hz]) when driven by high-frequency ultrasound (O[1 MHz] and above). To study the mechanism of the energy transfer that spans these vastly different timescales, we measure the droplet's interfacial response to 6.6~MHz ultrasound excitation using high-speed digital holography. We show that the onset of low-frequency capillary waves is driven by feedback interplay between the acoustic radiation pressure distribution and the droplet surface. These dynamics are mediated by the Young-Laplace boundary between the droplet interior and ambient environment. Numerical simulations are performed via global optimization against the rigorously defined interfacial physics. The proposed pressure-interface feedback model is explicitly based on the pressure distribution hypothesis. For low power acoustic excitation, the simulations reveal a stable oscillatory feedback that induces capillary wave formation. The simulation results are confirmed with direct observations of the microscale droplet interface dynamics as provided by the high resolution holographic measurements. The pressure-interface feedback model accurately predicts the on-source vibration amplitude required to initiate capillary waves, and interfacial oscillation amplitude and frequency. The radiation pressure distribution is likewise confirmed with particle migration observations. Viscous effects on wave attenuation are also studied by comparing experimental and simulated results for a pure water droplet and 90% wt.- 10% wt. glycerol-water solution droplet.