Effects of Higher Order Retarded Gravity

TL;DR

This paper investigates the impact of higher order retardation effects in gravitational models explaining galactic rotation curves, concluding that second order terms are sufficient and higher orders can be neglected.

Contribution

It extends previous work by analyzing all orders of retardation effects and demonstrates that second order approximation is adequate for modeling galactic rotation.

Findings

Second order retardation effects suffice in modeling galactic rotation curves.

Higher order terms in the retardation expansion can be neglected without loss of accuracy.

Retardation-based explanations can account for galactic dynamics without dark matter.

Abstract

In a recent paper, we have a shown that the flattening of galactic rotation curves can be explained by retardation. However, this will rely on a temporal change of galactic mass. In our previous work, we kept only second order terms of the retardation time in our analysis, while higher terms in the Taylor expansion where not considered. Here we consider analysis to all orders and show that a second order analysis will indeed suffice, and higher order terms can be neglected.