A theoretical model of Surtseyan bomb fragmentation

TL;DR

This paper develops a simplified mathematical model to explain why some hot magma bombs from Surtseyan eruptions survive flight despite internal steam pressure, linking bomb properties to fragmentation likelihood.

Contribution

It introduces a novel spherical model analyzing pressure and temperature evolution inside Surtseyan bombs, providing a criterion for their survival or fragmentation.

Findings

Rapid diffusive steam flow allows bombs to survive flight.

Model predicts fragmentation based on bomb porosity and properties.

Explains the presence of inclusions inside volcanic bombs.

Abstract

Surtseyan eruptions are an important class of mostly basaltic volcanic eruptions first identified in the 1960s, where erupting magma at an air-water interface interacts with large quantities of slurry, a mixture of previously ejected tephra that re-enters the crater together with water. During a Surtseyan eruption, hot magma bombs are ejected that initially contain pockets of slurry. Despite the formation of steam and anticipated subsequent high pressures inside these bombs, many survive to land without exploding. We seek to explain this by building and solving a simplified spherical mathematical model that describes the coupled evolution of pressure and temperature due to the flashing of liquid to vapour within a Surtseyan bomb while it is in flight. Analysis of the model provides a criterion for fragmentation of the bomb due to steam pressure buildup, and predicts that if diffusive steam flow through the porous bomb is sufficiently rapid, the bomb will survive the flight intact. This criterion explicitly relates fragmentation to bomb properties, and describes how a Surtseyan bomb can survive in flight despite containing flashing liquid water, contributing to an ongoing discussion in volcanology about the origins of the inclusions found inside bombs.