High-resolution imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope: Observations of the gravitational lenses MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434

TL;DR

This study uses LOFAR to produce high-resolution images of gravitational lens systems MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434 at 150 MHz, revealing source sizes, cospatial radio structures, and limits on scattering effects in the lensing galaxy.

Contribution

First high-resolution low-frequency imaging of gravitational lenses with LOFAR, providing insights into source structures and interstellar scattering in lensing galaxies.

Findings

Low-frequency source size consistent with higher-frequency observations.

No significant lobe emission or star formation detected.

Limits on scattering effects in the lensing galaxy derived.

Abstract

We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope observations of the radio-loud gravitational lens systems MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434. These observations produce images at 300 milliarcseconds (mas) resolution at 150 MHz. In the case of MG 0751+2716, lens modelling is used to derive a size estimate of around 2 kpc for the low-frequency source, which is consistent with a previous 27.4 GHz study in the radio continuum with Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). This consistency implies that the low-frequency radio source is cospatial with the core-jet structure that forms the radio structure at higher frequencies, and no significant lobe emission or further components associated with star formation are detected within the magnified region of the lens. CLASS B1600+434 is a two-image lens where one of the images passes through the edge-on spiral lensing galaxy, and the low radio frequency allows us to derive limits on propagation effects, namely scattering, in the lensing galaxy. The observed flux density ratio of the two lensed images is 1.19 +/- 0.04 at an observed frequency of 150 MHz. The widths of the two images give an upper limit of 0.035 kpc m^-20/3 on the integrated scattering column through the galaxy at a distance approximately 1 kpc above its plane, under the assumption that image A is not affected by scattering. This is relatively small compared to limits derived through very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) studies of differential scattering in lens systems. These observations demonstrate that LOFAR is an excellent instrument for studying gravitational lenses. We also report on the inability to calibrate three further lens observations: two from early observations that have less well determined station calibration, and a third observation impacted by phase transfer problems.