(216) Kleopatra, a low density critically rotating M-type asteroid

TL;DR

This study precisely determined the shape, mass, and density of asteroid Kleopatra, revealing a porous, equilibrium dumbbell shape that suggests formation through impact and reaccumulation, and indicating potential moon formation via mass shedding.

Contribution

The paper provides high-accuracy shape and density measurements of Kleopatra using combined observational data and models, revealing its porous, equilibrium dumbbell shape and formation scenario.

Findings

Kleopatra has a volume equivalent diameter of 118.75 km.

Its bulk density is approximately 3.38 g/cm³, indicating high porosity.

The asteroid is in a critically rotating state with a dumbbell shape.

Abstract

Context. The recent estimates of the 3D shape of the M/Xe-type triple asteroid system (216) Kleopatra indicated a density of 5 g.cm$^{-3}$. Such a high density implies a high metal content and a low porosity which is not easy to reconcile with its peculiar dumbbell shape. Aims. Given the unprecedented angular resolution of the VLT/SPHERE/ZIMPOL camera, we aim to constrain the mass and the shape of Kleopatra with high accuracy, hence its density. Methods. We combined our new VLT/SPHERE observations of Kleopatra recorded in 2017 and 2018 with archival data, as well as lightcurve, occultation, and delay-Doppler images, to derive its 3D shape model using two different algorithms (ADAM, MPCD). Furthermore, an N-body dynamical model allowed us to retrieve the orbital elements of the two moons as explained in the accompanying paper. Results. The shape of Kleopatra is very close to an equilibrium dumbbell figure with two lobes and a thick neck. Its volume equivalent diameter (118.75$\pm$1.40) km and mass (2.97$\pm$0.32) 10$^{18}$ kg imply a bulk density of (3.38$\pm$0.50) g cm$^{-3}$. Such a low density for a supposedly metal-rich body indicates a substantial porosity within the primary. This porous structure along with its near-equilibrium shape is compatible with a formation scenario including a giant impact followed by reaccumulation. Kleopatra's current rotation period and dumbbell shape imply that it is in a critically rotating state. The low effective gravity along the equator of the body, together with the equatorial orbits of the moons and possibly rubble-pile structure, opens the possibility that the moons formed via mass shedding. Conclusions. Kleopatra is a puzzling multiple system due to the unique characteristics of the primary. It deserves particular attention in the future, with the Extremely Large Telescopes and possibly a dedicated space mission.