Relativistic dust grains: a new subject of research with orbital fluorescence detectors

TL;DR

This paper discusses the TUS orbital detector's observations of air-shower-like events and explores the hypothesis that some could be caused by relativistic dust grains, a potential cosmic ray component beyond the GZK limit.

Contribution

It introduces the possibility that relativistic dust grains may produce signals similar to extensive air showers in orbital fluorescence detectors, a novel hypothesis in cosmic ray research.

Findings

TUS detected events resembling ultra-high energy cosmic ray showers.

Analysis suggests some events could be caused by particles with energies around 1 PeV.

Hypothesis that relativistic dust grains might explain certain bright EAS-like events.

Abstract

TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up) was the world's first orbital detector aimed at testing the principle of observing ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with a space-based fluorescence telescope. TUS was launched into orbit on 28th April 2016 as a part of the scientific payload of the Lomonosov satellite, and its mission continued for 1.5 years. During this time, its exposure reached $\sim1550$ km$^2$ sr yr for primary energy $\gtrsim400$ EeV, and a number of extensive air showers-like events were registered. The shape and kinematics of the signal in these events closely resembled those expected from UHECRs but amplitudes of the signal and some other features were in contradiction with this assumption. A detailed analysis of one of EAS-like events (TUS161003) revealed that a primary cosmic ray would need to have an energy $\gtrsim1$ ZeV in order to produce a light curve of the observed amplitude, which is incompatible with the cosmic ray spectrum obtained with ground-based experiments. More than this, the slant depth of the shower maximum be the signal produced by a cosmic particle, was estimated as $\lesssim500$ g/cm$^2$, which corresponds to cosmic rays around 1 PeV. We present a preliminary discussion of a hypothesis that the TUS161003 event and perhaps some other bright EAS-like events could be produced by relativistic dust grains, which were considered a possible component of the cosmic ray flux beyond the GZK cut-off some time ago.