Crack-front model for adhesion of soft elastic spheres with chemical heterogeneity

TL;DR

This paper develops a crack-perturbation model to understand adhesion hysteresis in soft elastic spheres with chemical heterogeneity, validated by boundary-element simulations, and clarifies the connection to elastic line pinning theories.

Contribution

It introduces a variational crack-perturbation model for adhesion with chemical heterogeneity, offering a computationally efficient alternative to boundary-element methods.

Findings

The model accurately predicts contact shapes and force-penetration hysteresis.

It is significantly more efficient than boundary-element simulations.

The approach links adhesion hysteresis to elastic line pinning theories.

Abstract

Adhesion hysteresis can be caused by elastic instabilities that are triggered by surface roughness or chemical heterogeneity. However, the role of these instabilities in adhesion hysteresis remains poorly understood because we lack theoretical and numerical models accounting for realistic roughness. Our work focuses on the adhesion of soft elastic spheres with low roughness or weak heterogeneity, where the indentation process can be described as a Griffith-like propagation of a nearly circular external crack. We discuss how to describe the contact of spheres with chemical heterogeneity that leads to fluctuations in the local work of adhesion. We introduce a variational first-order crack-perturbation model and validate our approach using boundary-element simulations. The crack-perturbation model faithfully predicts contact shapes and hysteretic force-penetration curves, provided that the contact perimeter remains close to a circle and the contact area is simply connected. Computationally, the crack-perturbation model is orders of magnitude more efficient than the corresponding boundary element formulation, allowing for realistic heterogeneity fields. Furthermore, our crack-front formulation clarifies the connection of adhesion hysteresis to classic theories on pinning of elastic lines.