The Nature of Black Hole Shadows

TL;DR

This paper explains the physical mechanisms behind the black hole shadow's sharp edge, emphasizing its robustness as an observable feature in low-luminosity accreting black holes, distinct from the photon ring.

Contribution

It clarifies the physical origins of the black hole shadow's sharp edge and distinguishes it from the photon ring, highlighting its robustness as an observable in certain accretion regimes.

Findings

The black hole shadow results from blocking and path-lengthening effects.

The shadow is distinct from the photon ring and can be observed independently.

It is a robust, model-independent feature in low-luminosity accretion scenarios.

Abstract

A distinct visual signature occurs in black holes that are surrounded by optically thin and geometrically thick emission regions. This signature is a sharp-edged dip in brightness that is coincident with the black-hole shadow, which is the projection of the black hole's unstable-photon region on the observer's sky. We highlight two key mechanisms responsible for producing the sharp-edged dip: i) the reduction of intensity observed in rays that intersect the unstable-photon region, and thus the perfectly absorbing event horizon, versus rays that do not (blocking), and ii) the increase of intensity observed in rays that travel along extended, horizon-circling paths near the boundary of the unstable-photon region (path-lengthening). We demonstrate that the black-hole shadow is a distinct phenomenon from the photon ring, and that models exist in which the former may be observed, but not the latter. Additionally, we show that the black-hole shadow and its associated visual signature differ from the more model-dependent brightness depressions associated with thin-disk models, because for geometrically thick and optically thin emission regions, the blocking and path-lengthening effects are quite general. Consequentially, the black-hole shadow is a robust and fairly model-independent observable for accreting black holes that are in the deep sub-Eddington regime, such as low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGN).