Universal energy-dependent pseudopotential for the two-body problem of confined ultracold atoms

TL;DR

This paper develops an energy-dependent pseudopotential framework for two ultracold atoms in confinement, accounting for internal states and center-of-mass coupling, validated by experimental data on ytterbium isotopes.

Contribution

It introduces a multi-channel energy-dependent pseudopotential with a scattering length operator, extending the Huang-Yang pseudopotential to complex coupled systems.

Findings

Derived analytical expressions for the effective scattering length operator.

Calculated two-atom spectra in optical lattices matching experimental results.

Calibrated scattering lengths for Yb173 and Yb171 atoms.

Abstract

The two-body scattering amplitude and energy spectrum of confined ultracold atoms are of fundamental importance for studies of ultracold atom physics. For many systems, one can efficiently calculate these quantities via the zero-range Huang-Yang pseudopotential (HYP), in which the interatomic interaction is characterized by the scattering length $a$. Furthermore, when the scattering length is dependent on the kinetic energy $\varepsilon_{\rm r}$ of two-atom relative motion, the results are applicable for a broad energy region. However, when the free Hamiltonian of atomic internal state does not commute with the inter-atomic interaction, or the center-of-mass (c.m.) motion is coupled to the relative motion, the generalization of this technique is still lacking. We solve this problem and construct a reasonable energy-dependent multi-channel HYP, which is characterized by a "scattering length operator" ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$. Here ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$ is an operator for atomic internal states and c.m. motion, and depends on both the total two-atom energy and the external field as well as the trapping parameter. The effects from the internal-state or c.m.-relative motion coupling can be self-consistently taken into account by ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$. We further show a method based on the quantum defect theory, with which ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$ can be analytically derived for systems with van der Waals inter-atomic interaction. To demonstrate our method, we calculate the spectrum of two ultracold fermionic alkaline-earth-like atoms confined in an optical lattice. By comparing our results with the recent experimental measurements for two Yb173 atoms and two Yb171 atoms, we calibrate the scattering lengths $a_{\pm}$ with respect to anti-symmetric and symmetric nuclear-spin states to be $a_{+}=2012(19)a_{0}$ and $a_{-}=193(4)a_{0}$ for Yb173, and $a_{+}=232(3)a_{0}$ and $a_{-}=372(1)a_{0}$ for Yb171.