QED Mesons, the QED Neutron, and the Dark Matter

TL;DR

This paper explores stable QED-bound states such as QED mesons and a long-lived QED neutron, suggesting potential connections to observed exotic particles and dark matter candidates through theoretical modeling in 1+1D.

Contribution

It generalizes Schwinger's boson solution to quark systems in QED and QCD, proposing stable QED neutron as a dark matter candidate and linking open-string excitations to observed particles.

Findings

QED mesons may correspond to X17 and E38 particles.

The QED neutron is stable with an estimated mass of 44.5 MeV.

The QED proton is unstable, unlike the neutron.

Abstract

Schwinger's boson solution for massless fermions in QED in 1+1D has been applied and generalized to quarks interacting in QED and QCD interactions, leading to stable and confined open-string QED and QCD boson excitations of the quark-QCD-QED system in 1+1D. Just as the open-string QCD excitations in 1+1D can be the idealization of QCD mesons with a flux tube in 3+1D, so the open-string QED excitations in 1+1D may likewise be the idealization of QED mesons with masses in the tens of MeV region, corresponding possibly to the anomalous X17 and E38 particles observed recently. A further search for bound states of quarks interacting in the QED interaction alone leads to the examination on the stability of the QED neutron, consisting of two $d$ quarks and one $u$ quark. Theoretically, the QED neutron has been found to be stable and estimated to have a mass of 44.5 MeV, whereas the analogous QED proton is unstable, leading to a long-lived QED neutron that may be a good candidate for the dark matter.