Oscillations and pattern formation in a slow-fast prey-predator system

TL;DR

This paper studies a complex prey-predator model with slow-fast dynamics and weak Allee effect, revealing how interactions between timescales and spatial factors lead to regime shifts and pattern formation in populations.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive mathematical analysis of a prey-predator system with Allee effect, uncovering new insights into oscillation regimes and spatial pattern formation.

Findings

Small-amplitude oscillations can abruptly shift to large-amplitude oscillations.

Decreasing the timescale ratio induces spatially correlated patterns.

Pattern formation can lead to population extinction.

Abstract

We consider the properties of a slow-fast prey-predator system in time and space. We first argue that the simplicity of prey-predator system is apparent rather than real and there are still many of its hidden properties that have been poorly studied or overlooked altogether. We further focus on the case where, in the slow-fast system, the prey growth is affected by a weak Allee effect. We first consider this system in the non-spatial case and make its comprehensive study using a variety of mathematical techniques. In particular, we show that the interplay between the Allee effect and the existence of multiple timescales may lead to a regime shift where small-amplitude oscillations in the population abundances abruptly change to large-amplitude oscillations. We then consider the spatially explicit slow-fast prey-predator system and reveal the effect of different time scales on the pattern formation. We show that a decrease in the timescale ratio may lead to another regime shift where the spatiotemporal pattern becomes spatially correlated leading to large-amplitude oscillations in spatially average population densities and potential species extinction.