Root Repulsion and Faster Solving for Very Sparse Polynomials Over $p$-adic Fields

TL;DR

This paper presents new algorithms for solving very sparse polynomials over p-adic fields efficiently, with improved complexity bounds and root separation results, advancing computational number theory.

Contribution

It introduces deterministic algorithms for solving sparse polynomials over p-adic fields with complexity bounds depending polylogarithmically on degree and height, and establishes root separation bounds.

Findings

Deterministic solving of 3-term polynomials in polylogarithmic time

Root counting and approximation with controlled convergence rates

Significant speed-ups and root separation bounds in p-adic fields

Abstract

For any fixed field $K\!\in\!\{\mathbb{Q}_2,\mathbb{Q}_3,\mathbb{Q}_5, \ldots\}$, we prove that all polynomials $f\!\in\!\mathbb{Z}[x]$ with exactly $3$ (resp. $2$) monomial terms, degree $d$, and all coefficients having absolute value at most $H$, can be solved over $K$ within deterministic time $\log^{7+o(1)}(dH)$ (resp. $\log^{2+o(1)}(dH)$) in the classical Turing model: Our underlying algorithm correctly counts the number of roots of $f$ in $K$, and for each such root generates an approximation in $\mathbb{Q}$ with logarithmic height $O(\log^3(dH))$ that converges at a rate of $O\!\left((1/p)^{2^i}\right)$ after $i$ steps of Newton iteration. We also prove significant speed-ups in certain settings, a minimal spacing bound of $p^{-O(p\log^2_p(dH)\log d)}$ for distinct roots in $\mathbb{C}_p$, and even stronger repulsion when there are nonzero degenerate roots in $\mathbb{C}_p$: $p$-adic distance $p^{-O(\log_p(dH))}$. On the other hand, we prove that there is an explicit family of tetranomials with distinct nonzero roots in $\mathbb{Z}_p$ indistinguishable in their first $\Omega(d\log_p H)$ most significant base-$p$ digits.