End-to-End Tests of the Sensitivity of IceCube to the Neutrino Burst from a Core-Collapse Supernova

TL;DR

This paper evaluates IceCube's ability to detect neutrino bursts from galactic supernovae, emphasizing its high sensitivity, real-time alert capabilities, and role in the SuperNova Early Warning System.

Contribution

It presents an end-to-end testing framework for IceCube's supernova neutrino detection sensitivity and alert readiness, including simulated signal injections and coordination with SNEWS 2.0.

Findings

IceCube can detect supernova neutrino bursts within the Milky Way with >10σ significance.

The system demonstrates >99% uptime and prompt alert issuance.

Coordination with SNEWS 2.0 enhances early warning capabilities.

Abstract

The next galactic supernova presents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to obtain detailed information about the explosion of a star and the extreme conditions found within its core. A core-collapse supernova will produce a neutrino burst visible up to half a day before the electromagnetic radiation from the explosion, so the burst will provide an early warning for optical follow-up. Since local supernovae are exceedingly rare, it is critical that neutrino detectors provide prompt alerts after the arrival of a burst. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory operates with $>99\%$ uptime and is sensitive to a variety of supernova models at levels $>10\sigma$ within the Milky Way. IceCube will issue supernova alerts in real time. IceCube's high sensitivity to supernovae, near perfect uptime, and ability to issue prompt alerts makes it a critical component of the worldwide network of detectors known as the SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS 2.0). A "Fire Drill" system was designed to inject simulated supernova signals into the IceCube online system. We will discuss IceCube's sensitivity to supernovae near the Milky Way, and describe the data challenges used to ensure the readiness of IceCube and its operators. We will also discuss the coordination of IceCube alerts and data challenges with SNEWS 2.0.