A study of events with photoelectric emission in the DarkSide-50 liquid argon Time Projection Chamber

TL;DR

This paper investigates photoelectric emission events in the DarkSide-50 liquid argon detector, estimating the cathode's quantum efficiency and comparing impurity effects, to improve understanding for future dark matter experiments.

Contribution

It provides the first estimate of the cathode's quantum efficiency at 128 nm and compares photoionization phenomena between DarkSide-50 and LUX, enhancing detector response understanding.

Findings

Estimated the quantum efficiency of the cathode at 128 nm.

Observed lower photoelectron emission probability in DarkSide-50 compared to LUX.

Indicated lower contaminant levels in DarkSide-50 based on electron lifetime.

Abstract

Finding unequivocal evidence of dark matter interactions in a particle detector is a major objective of physics research. Liquid argon time projection chambers offer a path to probe Weakly Interacting Massive Particles scattering cross sections on nucleus down to the so-called neutrino floor, in a mass range from few GeV's to hundredths of TeV's. Based on the successful operation of the DarkSide-50 detector at LNGS, a new and more sensitive experiment, DarkSide-20k, has been designed and is now under construction. A thorough understanding of the DarkSide-50 detector response and, therefore, of all kind of observed events, is essential for an optimal design of the new experiment. In this paper, we report on a particular set of events, which were not used for dark matter searches. Namely, standard two-pulse scintillation-ionization signals accompanied by a small amplitude third pulse, originating from single or few electrons, in a time window of less than a maximum drift time. We compare our findings to those of a recent paper of the LUX Collaboration (D.S.Akerib et al. Phys.Rev.D 102, 092004). Indeed, both experiments observe events related to photoionization of the cathode. From the measured rate of these events, we estimate for the first time the quantum efficiency of the tetraphenyl butadiene deposited on the DarkSide-50 cathode at wavelengths around 128 nm, in liquid argon. Also, both experiments observe events likely related to photoionization of impurities in the liquid. The probability of photoelectron emission per unit length turns out to be one order of magnitude smaller in DarkSide-50 than in LUX. This result, together with the much larger measured electron lifetime, coherently hints toward a lower concentration of contaminants in DarkSide-50 than in LUX.