Mid-infrared Single-photon Detection Using Superconducting NbTiN Nanowires with Sub-15 ps Time Resolution in a Gifford-McMahon Cryocooler

TL;DR

This paper presents superconducting NbTiN nanowire single-photon detectors capable of high efficiency and sub-15 ps timing resolution at mid-infrared wavelengths, operable in standard cryocoolers, advancing quantum light detection technology.

Contribution

It introduces a novel fabrication and design approach for NbTiN SNSPDs that achieve high efficiency and ultra-fast timing in a conventional cryocooler environment, overcoming previous limitations.

Findings

Achieved >70% system detection efficiency at 2 μm

Demonstrated sub-15 ps timing jitter

Achieved unity internal efficiency at 3 μm

Abstract

Shortly after their inception, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) became the leading quantum light detection technology. With the capability of detecting single-photons with near-unity efficiency, high time resolution, low dark count rate, and fast recovery time, SNSPDs outperform conventional single-photon detection techniques. However, detecting lower energy single-photons (<0.8 eV) with high efficiency and low timing jitter has remained a challenge. To achieve unity internal efficiency at mid-infrared wavelengths, previous works used amorphous superconducting materials with low energy gaps at the expense of reduced time resolution (close to a nanosecond), and by operating them in complex mK dilution refrigerators. In this work, we provide an alternative approach with SNSPDs fabricated from 5-9.5 nm thick NbTiN superconducting films and devices operated in conventional Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers. By optimizing the superconducting film deposition process, film thickness and nanowire design, our fiber-coupled devices achieved > 70% system detection efficiency (SDE) at 2 {\mu}m and sub-15 ps timing jitter. Furthermore, detectors from the same batch demonstrated unity internal detection efficiency at 3 {\mu}m and 80% internal efficiency at 4 {\mu}m, paving the road for an efficient mid-infrared single-photon detection technology with unparalleled time resolution and without mK cooling requirements.