Supermassive Black Holes from Bose-Einstein Condensed Dark Matter -- or Black and Dark Separation by Angular Momentum

TL;DR

This paper proposes a model where supermassive black holes form from Bose-Einstein condensed dark matter, with angular momentum acquired via tidal torque, explaining their early formation and observed mass ratios.

Contribution

It introduces a scenario where angular momentum from tidal torque enables BEC dark matter to collapse into SMBHs, matching observed mass ratios across redshifts.

Findings

The SMBH to dark halo mass ratio is estimated as approximately 10^{-3} to 10^{-5}.

The model's predictions are consistent with observations at redshifts 0 and 6.

Angular momentum determines the separation between SMBH and dark halo in the initial dark matter cloud.

Abstract

Many supermassive black holes (SMBH) of mass $10^{6\sim9}M_{\odot}$ are observed at the center of each galaxy even in the high redshift ($z\approx7$) Universe. To explain the early formation and the common existence of SMBH, we proposed previously the SMBH formation scenario by the gravitational collapse of the coherent dark matter (DM) composed from the Bose-Einstein Condensed (BEC) objects. A difficult problem in this scenario is the inevitable angular momentum which prevents the collapse of BEC. To overcome this difficulty, in this paper, we consider the very early Universe when the BEC-DM acquires its proper angular momentum by the tidal torque mechanism. The balance of the density evolution and the acquisition of the angular momentum determines the mass of the SMBH as well as the mass ratio of BH and the surrounding dark halo (DH). This ratio turns out to be $M_{BH}/M_{DH}\approx10^{-3\sim-5}(M_{tot}/10^{12}\mathrm{M}_{\odot})^{-1/2}$ assuming simple density profiles of the initial DM cloud. This estimate turns out to be consistent with the observations at $z\approx0$ and $z\approx6$, although the data scatter is large. Thus the angular momentum determines the separation of black and dark, \textsl{i.e. }SMBH and DH, in the original DM cloud.