Power spectral properties of the soft spectral states in four black hole transients

TL;DR

This study analyzes the power spectral properties of soft spectral states in four black hole transients, revealing an inclination dependence of variability and providing insights into accretion flow physics.

Contribution

It presents the first evidence of inclination dependence in soft state variability, linking observational data to theoretical models of accretion disk fluctuations.

Findings

Power-law noise index varies between -1.64 and -0.62.

Fractional rms variability ranges from 0.83% to 7.67%.

Inclination affects variability amplitude and noise characteristics.

Abstract

The X-ray variability in the soft X-ray spectral state of black hole binaries is primarily characterized by a power-law noise (PLN), which is thought to originate from the propagation of the modulation in the mass accretion rate of a standard accretion disk flow. Such a PLN has also been revealed in the disk spectral component in the hard and the intermediate states in several black hole binaries. Here we present an investigation of the {\it Rossi} X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of four black hole transients in which soft spectral states were observed twenty times or more. We show that in the soft spectral state, the PLN index varied in a large range between -1.64 and -0.62, and the fractional rms variability calculated in the 0.01 -- 20 Hz frequency range reached as large as 7.67\% and as low as 0.83\%. Remarkably, we have found the evidence of an inclination dependence of the maximal fractional rms variability, the averaged fractional rms variability and the fractional rms variability of the median in the sample based on current knowledge of inclination of black hole binaries. An inclination dependence has only been predicted in early magnetohydrodynamic simulations of isothermal disks limited to a high-frequency regime. In theory, the noise index is related to the physics of inward propagation of disk fluctuations, while the fractional rms amplitude reflects the intrinsic properties of the magnetohydrodynamic nature of the accretion flow. Our results therefore suggest that X-ray variability in the soft state can be used to put constraints on the properties of the accretion flow as well as the inclination of the accretion disk.