Computational Complexity of the Ground State Energy Density Problem

TL;DR

This paper investigates the computational complexity of determining the ground state energy density of a fixed Hamiltonian in the thermodynamic limit, revealing its deep connections to classical and quantum complexity classes.

Contribution

It rigorously formulates the ground state energy density problem and establishes complexity bounds relating it to classes like EXP, NEXP, and QMA_EXP, highlighting its fundamental computational difficulty.

Findings

For classical Hamiltonians, GSED is between EXP^NEEXP and EXP^NEXP.

For quantum Hamiltonians, GSED is between EXP^NEEXP and EXP^QMA_EXP.

Some bounds can be strengthened to PSPACE under certain conditions.

Abstract

We study the complexity of finding the ground state energy density of a local Hamiltonian on a lattice in the thermodynamic limit of infinite lattice size. We formulate this rigorously as a function problem, in which we request an estimate of the ground state energy density to some specified precision; and as an equivalent promise problem, $\mathsf{GSED}$, in which we ask whether the ground state energy density is above or below specified thresholds. The ground state energy density problem is unusual, in that it concerns a single, fixed Hamiltonian in the thermodynamic limit, whose ground state energy density is just some fixed, real number. The only input to the computational problem is the precision to which to estimate this fixed real number, corresponding to the ground state energy density. Hardness of this problem for a complexity class therefore implies that the solutions to all problems in the class are encoded in this single number (analogous to Chaitin's constant in computability theory). This captures computationally the type of question most commonly encountered in condensed matter physics, which is typically concerned with the physical properties of a single Hamiltonian in the thermodynamic limit. We show that for classical, translationally invariant, nearest neighbour Hamiltonians on a 2D square lattice, $\mathsf{P}^{\mathsf{NEEXP}}\subseteq\mathsf{EXP}^{\mathsf{GSED}}\subseteq \mathsf{EXP}^{\mathsf{NEXP}}$, and for quantum Hamiltonians $\mathsf{P}^{\mathsf{NEEXP}}\subseteq\mathsf{EXP}^{\mathsf{GSED}}\subseteq \mathsf{EXP}^{\mathsf{QMA}_{EXP}}$. With some technical caveats on the oracle definitions, the $\mathsf{EXP}$ in some of these results can be strengthened to $\mathsf{PSPACE}$. We also give analogous complexity bounds for the function version of $\mathsf{GSED}$.