Fourth Painlev\'e Equation and $PT$-Symmetric Hamiltonians

TL;DR

This paper investigates the unstable solutions of the fourth Painlevé equation, revealing their asymptotic behavior and linking them to $PT$-symmetric Hamiltonians through analytical and numerical methods.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of the asymptotic behavior of separatrix solutions for Painlevé IV and connects these solutions to $PT$-symmetric quantum Hamiltonians.

Findings

Asymptotic behavior of initial slopes: $b_n o B_{IV} n^{3/4}$

Asymptotic behavior of initial values: $c_n o C_{IV} n^{1/2}$

Constants $B_{IV}$ and $C_{IV}$ determined analytically and numerically

Abstract

This paper is an addendum to earlier papers \cite{R1,R2} in which it was shown that the unstable separatrix solutions for Painlev\'e I and II are determined by $PT$-symmetric Hamiltonians. In this paper unstable separatrix solutions of the fourth Painlev\'e transcendent are studied numerically and analytically. For a fixed initial value, say $y(0)=1$, a discrete set of initial slopes $y'(0)=b_n$ give rise to separatrix solutions. Similarly, for a fixed initial slope, say $y'(0)=0$, a discrete set of initial values $y(0)=c_n$ give rise to separatrix solutions. For Painlev\'e IV the large-$n$ asymptotic behavior of $b_n$ is $b_n\sim B_{\rm IV}n^{3/4}$ and that of $c_n$ is $c_n\sim C_{\rm IV} n^{1/2}$. The constants $B_{\rm IV}$ and $C_{\rm IV}$ are determined both numerically and analytically. The analytical values of these constants are found by reducing the nonlinear Painlev\'e IV equation to the linear eigenvalue equation for the sextic $PT$-symmetric Hamiltonian $H=\frac{1}{2} p^2+\frac{1}{8} x^6$.