Multiscale genesis of a tiny giant for percolation on scale-free random graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the critical behavior of percolation on scale-free random graphs with power-law degree distributions, revealing a novel phase transition where a tiny giant component suddenly emerges within the critical window.

Contribution

It identifies the critical window and describes the emergence of a tiny giant component in scale-free networks with exponent τ in (2,3), contrasting with known universality classes.

Findings

Existence of a finite time inside the critical window with sudden tiny giant emergence

Explicit critical parameter λ_c separating subcritical and supercritical regimes

Scaling limits of maximum component sizes described by inhomogeneous percolation models

Abstract

We study the critical behavior for percolation on inhomogeneous random networks on $n$ vertices, where the weights of the vertices follow a power-law distribution with exponent $\tau \in (2,3)$. Such networks, often referred to as scale-free networks, exhibit critical behavior when the percolation probability tends to zero at an appropriate rate, as $n\to\infty$. We identify the critical window for a host of scale-free random graph models such as the Norros-Reittu model, Chung-Lu model and generalized random graphs. Surprisingly, there exists a finite time inside the critical window, after which, we see a sudden emergence of a tiny giant component. This is a novel behavior which is in contrast with the critical behavior in other known universality classes with $\tau \in (3,4)$ and $\tau >4$. Precisely, for edge-retention probabilities $\pi_n = \lambda n^{-(3-\tau)/2}$, there is an explicitly computable $\lambda_c>0$ such that the critical window is of the form $\lambda \in (0,\lambda_c),$ where the largest clusters have size of order $n^{\beta}$ with $\beta=(\tau^2-4\tau+5)/[2(\tau-1)]\in[\sqrt{2}-1, \tfrac{1}{2})$ and have non-degenerate scaling limits, while in the supercritical regime $\lambda > \lambda_c$, a unique `tiny giant' component of size $\sqrt{n}$ emerges. For $\lambda \in (0,\lambda_c),$ the scaling limit of the maximum component sizes can be described in terms of components of a one-dimensional inhomogeneous percolation model on $\mathbb{Z}_+$ studied in a seminal work by Durrett and Kesten. For $\lambda>\lambda_c$, we prove that the sudden emergence of the tiny giant is caused by a phase transition inside a smaller core of vertices of weight $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$.