Dependence over subgroups of free groups

TL;DR

This paper introduces algorithms to analyze the dependence of elements on subgroups within free groups, utilizing graph-theory and combinatorial techniques to compute specific cosets and polynomial ideals related to subgroup equations.

Contribution

It presents novel algorithms for computing dependence-related structures in free groups, expanding understanding of subgroup-element relationships.

Findings

Algorithms for computing cosets related to subgroup equations

Methods for generating polynomial ideals associated with subgroup dependence

Utilization of Stallings graphs and Nielsen transformations

Abstract

Given a finitely generated subgroup $H$ of a free group $F$, we present an algorithm which computes $g_1,\ldots,g_m\in F$, such that the set of elements $g\in F$, for which there exists a non-trivial $H$-equation having $g$ as a solution, is, precisely, the disjoint union of the double cosets $H\sqcup Hg_1H\sqcup \cdots \sqcup Hg_mH$. Moreover, we present an algorithm which, given a finitely generated subgroup $H\leqslant F$ and an element $g\in F$, computes a finite set of elements of $H * \langle x \rangle$ that generate (as a normal subgroup) the ``ideal" $I_H(g) \unlhd H * \langle x \rangle$ of all ``polynomials" $w(x)$, such that $w(g)=1$. The algorithms, as well as the proofs, are based on the graph-theory techniques introduced by Stallings and on the more classical combinatorial techniques of Nielsen transformations. The key notion here is that of dependence of an element $g\in F$ on a subgroup $H$. We also study the corresponding notions of dependence sequence and dependence closure of a subgroup.