Fibration, Nexus and Cosmological Composite Topological Defects in Uniaxially Disordered Superfluid $^3$He

TL;DR

This paper reviews the complex topological defects in disordered superfluid 3He, revealing new composite structures like Nambu monopoles and nexus objects through symmetry analysis and numerical modeling, matching experimental data.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed symmetry breaking analysis and numerical modeling to identify novel composite topological defects in superfluid 3He with disorder.

Findings

Identification of Nambu monopoles, KLS string walls, and nexus objects in superfluid 3He.

Numerical evaluation of equilibrium free energies matching experimental observations.

Demonstration of the extension of KLS string walls to 1D nexus structures.

Abstract

The composited cosmological defects in superfluids of nafen-disorded 3He are discussed in this review article. In spite of the existence of the half quantum vortices (Alice strings), more novel composited cosmological defects such as Nambu monople, Kibble-Lazarides-Shafi (KLS) string wall, and nexus objects appear in this system in the two-step successive symmetry breaking phase transition. To reveal them, we analyzed symmetry breaking patterns in detail by using the algebraic topology and group theory. It turns out that the fibrations of the degenerate parameter spaces of symmetry breaking patterns dominate the existence of composite cosmological defects in the successive symmetry breaking of nafen-distorted 3He. To compare our model with ROTA's experiment of string wall, we demonstrate how the KLS string wall extend to 1D nexus in equilibrium states. The equilibrium free energies, which determines the configurations 1D nexus, are evaluated by non-linear numerical optimization algorithm. Based on these equilibrium configurations, we calculated the spectrum of spin dynamical response of system under weak magnetic driving. The results exactly coincide with the experimental observations.