First observation of MeV gamma-ray universe with bijective imaging spectroscopy using the Electron-Tracking Compton Telescope aboard SMILE-2+

TL;DR

This paper reports the first celestial observation of MeV gamma-rays using a novel bijective imaging spectroscopy technique with an electron-tracking Compton telescope, demonstrating improved sensitivity and background reduction.

Contribution

The development and successful deployment of an electron-tracking Compton camera for MeV gamma-ray astronomy, enabling bijective imaging spectroscopy and background suppression.

Findings

Detection of Crab nebula gamma-rays at 4.0σ significance

Observation of gamma-ray enhancement in the Galactic center

Results consistent with pre-launch sensitivity and background estimates

Abstract

MeV gamma-rays provide a unique window for the direct measurement of line emissions from radioisotopes, but observations have made little significant progress after COMPTEL/{\it CGRO}. To observe celestial objects in this band, we are developing an electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC), which realizes both bijective imaging spectroscopy and efficient background reduction gleaned from the recoil electron track information. The energy spectrum of the observation target can then be obtained by a simple ON-OFF method using a correctly defined point spread function on the celestial sphere. The performance of celestial object observations was validated on the second balloon SMILE-2+ installed with an ETCC having a gaseous electron tracker with a volume of 30$\times$30$\times$30 cm$^3$. Gamma-rays from the Crab nebula were detected with a significance of 4.0$\sigma$ in the energy range 0.15--2.1 MeV with a live time of 5.1 h, as expected before launching. Additionally, the light curve clarified an enhancement of gamma-ray events generated in the Galactic center region, indicating that a significant proportion of the final remaining events are cosmic gamma rays. Independently, the observed intensity and time variation were consistent with the pre-launch estimates except in the Galactic center region. The estimates were based on the total background of extragalactic diffuse, atmospheric, and instrumental gamma-rays after accounting for the variations in the atmospheric depth and rigidity during the level flight. The Crab results and light curve strongly support our understanding of both the detection sensitivity and the background in real observations. This work promises significant advances in MeV gamma-ray astronomy.