Penrose process for a charged black hole in a uniform magnetic field

TL;DR

This paper explores an electromagnetic extension of the Penrose process around charged black holes in magnetic fields, revealing new energy extraction regions and the dynamics of negative energy particles.

Contribution

It introduces an electromagnetic Penrose process for charged black holes, showing energy extraction beyond the ergosphere and analyzing particle orbits and charge interactions.

Findings

Energy can be extracted from regions outside the ergosphere.

Negative energy particles can be trapped in toroidal orbits.

Black hole charge increases towards the Wald value, halting energy extraction.

Abstract

Spinning black holes create electromagnetic storms when immersed in ambient magnetic fields, illuminating the otherwise epically dark terrain. In an electromagnetic extension of the Penrose process, tremendous energy can be extracted, boosting the energy of radiating particles far more efficiently than the mechanical Penrose process. We locate the regions from which energy can be mined and demonstrate explicitly that they are no longer restricted to the ergosphere. We also show that there can be toroidal regions that trap negative energy particles in orbit around the black hole. We find that the effective charge coupling between the black hole and the super-radiant particles decreases as energy is extracted, much like the spin of a black hole decreases in the mechanical analogue. While the effective coupling decreases, the actual charge of the black hole increases in magnitude reaching the energetically-favored Wald value, at which point energy extraction is impeded. We demonstrate the array of orbits for products from the electromagnetic Penrose process.