Hadron gas in the presence of a magnetic field using non-extensive statistics: A transition from diamagnetic to paramagnetic system

TL;DR

This paper explores how a hadron gas's thermodynamic and magnetic properties change under strong magnetic fields using non-extensive statistics, revealing a transition from diamagnetic to paramagnetic behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a thermodynamically consistent non-extensive approach to study hadron gas in magnetic fields, highlighting the diamagnetic-paramagnetic transition and effects of non-extensivity.

Findings

System exhibits diamagnetic to paramagnetic transition with increasing magnetic field.

Non-extensive parameter $q$ influences thermodynamic observables significantly.

Magnetization analysis reveals complex magnetic behavior of the hadron gas.

Abstract

Non-central heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies are unique in producing magnetic fields of the largest strength in the laboratory. Such fields being produced at the early stages of the collision could affect the properties of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) matter formed in the relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The transient magnetic field leaves its reminiscence, which in principle, can affect the thermodynamic and transport properties of the final state dynamics of the system. In this work, we study the thermodynamic properties of a hadron gas in the presence of an external static magnetic field using a thermodynamically consistent non-extensive Tsallis distribution function. Various thermodynamical observables such as energy density ($\epsilon$), entropy density ($s$), pressure ($P$) and speed of sound ($c_{\rm s}$) are studied. Investigation of magnetization ($M$) is also performed and this analysis reveals an interplay of diamagnetic and paramagnetic nature of the system in the presence of a magnetic field of varying strength. Further, to understand the system dynamics under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, the effect of the non-extensive parameter ($q$) on the above observables is also studied.